Communication is crucial when it comes to embedded systems. Whether we are reading data from a sensor or sending information to another device we always rely on some type of communication interface (e.g I2C, SPI, UART, etc. ). In a perfect world, we would not have to worry about the factors that can make our
In this article, we will explain the functionality of two very important electronic circuit elements: digital buffer and tri-state digital buffer. Buffer At first glance, the functionality of a digital buffer may seem very simple: the value at its input is propagated to its output. Fig. 1 Buffer symbol and truth table If the buffer
Clock Skew Clock skew exists in every synchronous system. The edge of the system clock arrives at different times at different points in the system. This difference in arrival times is defined as clock skew. Few facts about clock skew: It's caused by different path delays to different points in the design. It's is constant from cycle
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) A PLL is a negative feedback system where an oscillator-generated signal is phase and frequency locked to a reference signal. Typical applications of PLL are: Frequency Synthesis (e.g. generating a 1 GHz clock from a 50 MHz reference) Clock Deskewing (e.g. phase-aligning an internal clock to an output clock to external device) Extracting
