Straight to the point articles covering the basic theory on various technology topics
The fourth layer of the OSI model is the transport layer. Its purpose is to provide secure communication and transparent transmission of the data flow. The data which is received from the session layer is divided into small data units called segments. Each segment contains the sender and receiver port number along with the sequence
The third layer of the OSI model is the network layer. It is the first completely independent of the physical environment level, allowing two or more nodes to retransmit data no matter what physical network they are connected to. This permits different networks to be interconnected. The network layer finds out the easiest, shortest, and
The second layer of the OSI model is the data link layer. It provides reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices on a local network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) by using a unique identification of each device. It also corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer by having
The physical layer is the lowest level of the OSI model and it is responsible for the actual physical connection between the network devices. It transmits information in the form of bits (0s and 1s). The bits are coded as physical states of the transmission medium. For wired cables, these are electrical signals, for optical
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the International Organization for Standardization. It provides interoperability between different communication systems using standard communication protocols. Or in simpler words, it is a logical model/representation of how the network systems are supposed to send data and communicate with each other. The model splits
The SQL DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition; Parameters: DELETE FROM table_name - The name of the table where records will be deleted.WHERE condition – Specifies which records should be deleted. If you omit it, all records in the table will be deleted. Example: Consider the Products
Applications often need a large amount of resources in order to run completely and without errors. However, different modules, forms, etc. of an application usually need different sets of resources to be loaded and not all of them. While all resources can be loaded at once, it would sometimes cost a lot of time to
The SQL WHERE clause is used to filter rows and return only those that meet the specified criteria. It is used in conjunction with the SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc. statements and takes the following general form: SELECT column_name [, column_name ...] FROM table_name WHERE condition; The WHERE clause can be used along with AND, OR,
Subversion, or simply SVN, is an open source file repository manager. Its purpose is to store every version of every file that has been uploaded on the main server. That way developers can track all the changes, revert to older versions of a file, compare edits and deal with mess-ups. Each developer has access to
Array An array is a linear data structure consisting of a collection of similar data type elements, each identified by at least one index or key. The size of the array must be specified at the time of its declaration. It is fixed and cannot be resized during runtime. In the array, elements are organized
