We can generally define three levels of abstraction from the underlying hardware when we develop embedded programs: Machine Code  Assembly Language  High Level Language Machine code is the native language of the microprocessors (but it is not used for directly writing programs). So no matter at what level of abstraction we decide to write our

The memory layout of C programs consists of several segments. The segments accessible to a user program are shown in the figure below:   Fig. 1 C program memory layout Code Segment (.text)   This segment stores the executable program code (the machine instructions). Variables defined with the const type qualifier can also be placed

Overview Even though the boot process can be a complex sequence involving multiple steps it always starts with the same first step. When the power-on reset sequence is finished and the CPU comes out of reset, the program counter is pointing to the address of the reset vector (boot vector). This address contains the first instruction that

Overview A typical memory representation of a C language program consists of following segments:  Code (Text) segment - contains the program code (machine instructions)  Data segment - contains the static data (global/static variables)  Stack segment (see our article on the topic The Concept of Stack and Its Usage in Microprocessors)  Heap segment Fig.1 Memory Segments

Overview In general we can describe the stack as a temporary storage for data.  The access to data in the stack is organized as Last In First Out (LIFO), which means that the last data stored in the stack is the first than can be retrieved and the first data stored in the stack is the last

MODBUS© Protocol is a messaging structure, widely used for master-slave communication between devices. Only one master (at the same time) is connected to the bus, and one or several (247 maximum number) slaves nodes are also connected to the same serial bus. When a MODBUS master wants information from a device, the master sends a message that contains