In this article, we will introduce the USB protocol layer. Please see our previous article for information regarding the physical layer and network topology: An Introduction to USB Communication (Part 1). USB is a polled bus where the host initiates all transactions. For the host to receive information from USB devices, it must request it
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is an industry-standard used to specify cables, connectors, and protocols that are used for communication between electronic devices. Advantages: Self-configuring interface, no need for user configuration of speed, data protocol, etc.Capable of supplying power to small auxiliary devicesVarious communication speeds are supportedStandard connectorsError checking increases the communication reliability Limitations: Limited cable
The IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol. Its header is subdivided into a mandatory fixed header and optional extension headers. The fixed header has 8 fields and fixed size of 40 bytes, while all extension headers are multiple of 8 octets in size. To meet this requirement, some extension headers require internal
In this article, we will explain the header section of an IPv4 packet. The IPv4 header has a variable length of 20-60 bytes, depending on the IP options present. It consists of 14 fields, of which 13 are mandatory. IPv4 Header Format Compared To IPv6 Header Let's take a look at each field individually: Version
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a unique numerical identifier used for communication between devices connected to a computer network. It is used for identification and location addressing. To send data from one computer to another, data packets must travel across the network containing the IP addresses of both devices. In 1983, IPv4 was
WP-CLI is a command-line interface which saves developer’s time by executing WordPress tasks with only a few lines of code. It is efficient because you don’t need to use GUI by starting your browser and logging in to the site. You can also perform commands for actions which don’t have an equivalent web UI. The
A permalink is a “permanent hyperlink” to a specific page. It is a URL that is intended to remain valid or unchanged for a long time. When set correctly it allows both search engines and visitors to get an understanding of the topic of a post or page without looking at the content. A permalink
Instead of having one big chunk of content, as it was until Gutenberg had been introduced in Wordpress 5.0, the web page is now segmented into smaller parts, called blocks. The editor provides a wide variety of blocks that you can use across your pages and posts, but since this is WordPress, there’s always room
You often need to update some portion of the code based on a user-triggered event or after a period of time. Usually, this isn't possible unless the whole page is posted back which, however, is not the goal. We'll take a look at a couple of solutions ASP .NET offers for such cases: UpdatePanel with
The application layer is the topmost level of the OSI model and is the only one that directly interacts with the end-user and specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. It acts as an intermediate between the actual software application and the users. It provides full end-user access
